Adsorbents & Filtration Media
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) — Coconut shell, coal, wood-based (8×30, 12×40 mesh)
Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) — Ultra-fine for taste/odor removal
Biochar — Engineered for emerging contaminants (PFAS, pharmaceuticals)
Zeolites — Natural & synthetic for ammonia and heavy metal removal
Ion Exchange Resins — Strong/weak acid cation; strong/weak base anion
Molecular Sieves — 3A, 4A, 5A, 13X for selective adsorption
Coagulants & Flocculants
Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) — High purity, various basicity grades
Polyacrylamide (PAM) — Anionic, cationic, non-ionic types
Ferric Chloride & Ferric Sulfate — Industrial grade
Natural Coagulants — Chitosan, Moringa oleifera extracts
Advanced Oxidation Materials
Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) Nanoparticles — P25, anatase, rutile for photocatalysis
Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C₃N₄) — Metal-free visible-light photocatalyst
Bismuth-based Photocatalysts — BiOBr, BiVO₄, Bi₂WO₆
Persulfate Activators — Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), biochar-based catalysts
Ozone Catalysts — Manganese oxide, cerium oxide
Membrane Materials
Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes — Thin-film composite, high rejection
Ultrafiltration (UF) Membranes — PVDF, PES hollow fiber
Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes — Selective ion removal
MBR Modules — Submerged and side-stream configurations
Forward Osmosis (FO) Membranes — Low-energy treatment
PFAS Remediation
Fluorinated Ion Exchange Resins — Purolite® PFC series, Ionac® PFC
PFAS-specific Activated Carbon — Enhanced affinity impregnated carbons
Cyclodextrin-modified Materials — Host-guest chemistry for PFAS capture